Australian grapevine yellows - Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense 16SrXII-B
EEffective: April 6, 2018
Taxonomic Position:
Acholeplasmatales : Acholeplasmataceae
Pest Type:
Phytoplasma
Pest Code (NAPIS):
FGBLCXK
This pest is a member of the following lists:
These Approved Methods are appropriate for:
2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015
Major Hosts identified in the Host Matrix:
Alfalfa; Grape; Papaya; Potato; Strawberry; Sweet gum
This list includes important economic or environmental hosts but does not represent all major hosts of the pest. Check CAPS pest datasheet for complete list of hosts.
Pest is vectored by:
The cixiic planthopper, Zeoliarus (Oliarus) atkinsoni and Zeoliarus oppositus, which occur in New Zealand, are the only known vectors of Ca. P. australiense. Z. atkinsoni has only been demonstrated to transmit the phytoplamsa from Phormium to Phormium (Phormium yellows); while Z. oppositus is polyphagous and has been reported on many different plants. To date, the insect vector responsible for the spread of Ca. P. australiense in Australia is not known.
Survey
Approved Method(s):
Method |
Instructions |
NAPIS Survey Method |
Visual |
Collect symptomatic leaf material. Be sure that each plant that is sampled exhibits shriveling of the fruiting cluster. |
3031 - General Visual Observation
|
Survey Instruction Details:
Follow instructions in
Phytoplasma Sample Screening and Confirmation
If you have taken the hands-on phytoplasma specific training at S&T Beltsville lab, you can screen your own phytoplasma samples. Note: You will still have to follow the protocol in the linked document for confirmations.
Signs:
No specific signs are present.
Symptoms:
There are a variety of symptoms, which vary according to host.
Grape: Symptoms of the grapevine yellows disease can be observed in leaves, tendrils, and fruiting clusters. Leaves of white grape varieties tend to become yellowed and may have veinal necrosis, as well as downward curling of the leaf margins. Unlike some other grapevine diseases, the grapevine yellows diseases are characterized by shriveling/abortion/necrosis of fruiting clusters.
Solanaceous Hosts: In potato, upward rolling and purpling of the leaves were observed. The symptoms appeared similar to those of "zebra chip", a disorder of potato recently found to be associated with "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" in New Zealand and the United States. In Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum), symptoms include: witches" broom, foliar yellowing, and reduced leaf size.
See Grape or Solanaceous Commodity-based Survey Reference or the S&T Pest Datasheet for descriptions of symptoms by host.
Key Diagnostics
ID/Diagnostic: Molecular
Follow instructions in
Phytoplasma Sample Screening and Confirmation
If you have taken the hands-on phytoplasma specific training at S&T Beltsville lab, you can screen your own phytoplasma samples. Note: You will still have to follow the protocol in the linked document for confirmations.
Mistaken Identities:
In grape, symptoms may resemble mechanical disruption to the phloem, flavescence doree, bois noir, Goldgelbe Vergilbung, leaf curl, berry shrivel, and two other phytoplasmas found in grape: tomato big bud (TBB) and a second, uncharacterized phytoplasma found in Australian grapes.
In Progress / Literature-based Diagnostics:
Molecular: A "universal" PCR assay has been developed that enables amplification of the 16S rRNA genes of phytoplasmas.
Digestion of these PCR products with selected restriction enzymes provides a DNA fingerprint in the form of 16S rDNA fragment patterns that can be used to determine phytoplasma identity (Ahrens and Seemuller, 1992; Deng and Hiruki, 1991; Lee et al., 1993; Smart et al., 1996; Gibb et al., 1999).
PCR assays have been developed to detect only the Australian Grapevine Yellows phytoplasma in grape (Davis et al., 1997; Gibb et al., 1999).
Green et al. (1999) developed an "easy and efficient" DNA extraction method from woody plants for detection of phytoplasmas by PCR.